JKIA Terminal Transfers and Connections Guide: International to Domestic, Domestic to International, Terminal 1 to Terminal 2 and Transit Advice

Connecting through Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, commonly known as JKIA or Nairobi Airport, can be straightforward when your flights are on one ticket and your baggage is through-checked. It can also be stressful when you are moving between international arrivals, domestic departures, Terminal 2, separate airlines, or separate tickets.

This guide explains how to transfer between JKIA terminals, including international to domestic connections, domestic to international connections, Terminal 1A to Terminal 1D, Terminal 1E to Terminal 1D, Terminal 2 to Terminal 1, airside versus landside transfers, minimum connection time, self-transfer advice, baggage recheck rules, transit passengers, Kenya eTA considerations, missed connections and Nairobi layover planning.

For the full terminal overview, start with the JKIA Terminals Guide.

Quick Answer: How Do JKIA Terminal Transfers Work?

JKIA’s main passenger complex is Terminal 1, divided into Terminal 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D and 1E. Terminal 1D is the main domestic terminal, while Terminal 1E is strongly associated with international arrivals. Terminal 2 is separate and serves selected low-cost, regional, domestic or overflow operations. Public terminal summaries identify Terminal 1D as domestic departures and arrivals, Terminal 1E as international arrivals, and Terminal 2 as a low-cost/regional terminal.

Connection Type	Usual Passenger Flow
International to domestic	Arrive internationally, clear immigration, collect baggage if required, clear customs, move to Terminal 1D or assigned domestic terminal, re-check if needed, pass domestic security, board
Domestic to international	Arrive domestic, collect baggage if required, move to Terminal 1A/1B/1C, check in, pass security and immigration, board
Terminal 1A to Terminal 1D	Move from international Terminal 1A area to domestic Terminal 1D; landside steps may be required depending on baggage and ticket
Terminal 1E to Terminal 1D	Common international-arrival-to-domestic-departure route
Terminal 2 to Terminal 1	Separate-terminal transfer; allow extra time and follow signs or official directions
Airside transfer	Possible only when airline/airport routing keeps you inside the secure transit area
Landside transfer	Requires leaving the secure area, possibly clearing immigration, collecting bags and re-entering another terminal

The safest transfer rule is simple: confirm whether your bags are through-checked and whether your onward boarding pass has already been issued. Those two details determine whether your connection is simple or complicated.

Understanding JKIA’s Terminal Connection Layout

JKIA’s Terminal 1 sections are close enough that many passenger movements happen within the same airport complex. However, travellers should not assume that every transfer is fully airside or that every terminal change is a short walk.

Main Terminal Roles

Terminal	Main Role for Connections
Terminal 1A	International departures, Kenya Airways and SkyTeam-linked flows
Terminal 1B	International departures
Terminal 1C	International departures
Terminal 1D	Domestic departures and arrivals
Terminal 1E	International arrivals, immigration, baggage reclaim and customs
Terminal 2	Separate terminal for selected low-cost, domestic, regional or overflow flights

For detailed terminal pages, use:

JKIA Terminal 1A Guide
JKIA Terminal 1B Guide
JKIA Terminal 1C Guide
JKIA Terminal 1D Domestic Flights
JKIA Terminal 1E International Arrivals
JKIA Terminal 2 Guide

International to Domestic Connection at JKIA

An international to domestic connection is one of the most common transfers at JKIA. It applies when you land in Nairobi from outside Kenya and connect onward to a domestic flight within Kenya, such as Nairobi to Mombasa, Kisumu, Eldoret, Malindi, Diani/Ukunda, Lamu or another domestic destination.

Typical International-to-Domestic Flow

In most cases, you should expect this sequence:

Arrive on your international flight
Follow signs to international arrivals
Clear immigration / passport control
Collect checked baggage, unless your bags are through-checked
Clear customs
Exit the international arrivals area
Move to Terminal 1D or the domestic terminal shown on your onward ticket
Check in or drop baggage for the domestic flight, if required
Pass domestic security screening
Proceed to the domestic boarding gate
Board your domestic flight

When This Connection Is Easier

The transfer is easier when:

Both flights are on the same ticket
Your baggage is through-checked to the domestic destination
Your onward boarding pass is already issued
Your airline protects the connection
Your arrival and departure are both within the Terminal 1 complex
You have enough connection time

When This Connection Is Harder

The transfer is harder when:

You booked separate tickets
You must collect and recheck baggage
You are changing airlines
You arrive at Terminal 1E but depart from Terminal 2
Immigration queues are long
Your inbound flight is delayed
You are travelling with children, elderly passengers or large luggage
You need special assistance
You arrive during peak travel periods

For domestic terminal details, see JKIA Terminal 1D Domestic Flights.

Terminal 1E to Terminal 1D: International Arrivals to Domestic Flights

The Terminal 1E to Terminal 1D connection is one of the most important routes at JKIA because many international passengers arrive through the international arrivals process and then connect to a domestic flight.

Step-by-Step: T1E to T1D

Land at JKIA
Follow the signs for international arrivals.
Clear immigration
Have your passport, boarding pass, Kenya eTA or exemption documents ready if applicable.
Collect baggage if required
If your bags are not through-checked, collect them at international baggage reclaim.
Clear customs
Use the correct channel and declare items where required.
Exit international arrivals
After customs, you will be landside.
Move to Terminal 1D
Follow signs for domestic departures or ask official airport staff for the quickest route.
Check in for your domestic flight
If you already have a boarding pass and no checked bag, follow airline instructions. If you have baggage, use the airline counter or bag-drop process.
Pass domestic security
Domestic flights still require security screening.
Proceed to the domestic gate
Watch screens and listen for boarding announcements.

Best Advice for T1E to T1D Connections

Allow a generous buffer, especially if your domestic flight is on a separate ticket. Domestic check-in deadlines still apply even if your international flight was late.

Kenya Airways says domestic passengers should complete check-in at least 1.5 hours before departure, with counters closing 30 minutes before takeoff. Jambojet says its check-in counters open 2 hours before departure and close 40 minutes before departure.

Domestic to International Connection at JKIA

A domestic to international connection applies when you arrive at JKIA from a domestic airport and connect to an international flight departing from Terminal 1A, 1B or 1C.

Examples include:

Kisumu(KIS) to Nairobi, then Nairobi to London
Mombasa to Nairobi, then Nairobi to Dubai
Eldoret to Nairobi, then Nairobi to Amsterdam
Diani/Ukunda to Nairobi, then Nairobi to Johannesburg
Malindi to Nairobi, then Nairobi to Doha

Typical Domestic-to-International Flow

Arrive at Terminal 1D or assigned domestic arrivals area
Collect checked baggage if not through-checked
Move to the international departure terminal shown on your ticket: T1A, T1B or T1C
Check in for the international flight if required
Drop checked baggage if required
Complete airline document checks
Pass security screening
Clear passport control / immigration
Enter the international departures area
Proceed to the boarding gate

Domestic-to-International Timing Warning

International flights require more processing than domestic flights. Kenya Airways says international passengers must complete check-in at least 2.5 hours before departure, and international counters close one hour before scheduled departure.

If your domestic flight arrives late and your international ticket is separate, the international airline may treat you as a late passenger rather than a protected connection.

For international departure guidance, see:

JKIA Terminal 1A Guide
JKIA Terminal 1B Guide
JKIA Terminal 1C Guide
JKIA International Departures

Terminal 1A to Terminal 1D

A Terminal 1A to Terminal 1D transfer usually involves moving from an international or Kenya Airways/SkyTeam-linked area toward the domestic terminal.

This may apply when:

You arrive on an international Kenya Airways flight and connect to a domestic KQ flight
You are transferring from a T1A international process to a domestic flight
You are moving from a lounge or international area toward domestic departures
Your airline has directed you to move from T1A to T1D

Key Questions Before Moving

Ask airline staff:

Is my baggage through-checked?
Do I need to collect my bag in Nairobi?
Do I already have my domestic boarding pass?
Do I need to go landside?
Which domestic terminal should I use?
How much time do I have before domestic check-in closes?

Practical T1A to T1D Advice

If you are already landside, follow signs toward Terminal 1D domestic departures. If you are airside, do not exit unless airline or airport staff instruct you to do so. Exiting airside may force you to repeat security or immigration steps depending on your routing.

For terminal orientation, see JKIA Terminal Map.

Terminal 2 to Terminal 1

Terminal 2 is separate from the Terminal 1 sections. Terminal 2 transfers require more caution because you may need to move between separate passenger areas rather than simply walking between adjacent Terminal 1 sections.

When You May Need T2 to T1

You may need this transfer if:

You arrive at Terminal 2 and depart internationally from Terminal 1A, 1B or 1C
You arrive at Terminal 2 and connect to a domestic flight in Terminal 1D
You arrive at Terminal 1E and your onward flight leaves from Terminal 2
Your low-cost or regional airline uses Terminal 2 while your onward airline uses Terminal 1

How to Transfer Between T2 and T1

Depending on your routing, you may use:

Walking route where permitted
Official terminal signage
Airport assistance
Shuttle or airport-managed transfer where available
Taxi or ride-hailing for landside movement if necessary
Airline transfer support if your connection is protected

T2 to T1 Timing Advice

Add more buffer than you would for a Terminal 1-to-Terminal 1 transfer. The risk is not only distance; it is also baggage collection, security status, airline check-in deadline and whether you need to re-enter another terminal.

For T2 details, see JKIA Terminal 2 Guide.

Minimum Connection Time at JKIA

There is no single safe minimum connection time for every JKIA passenger. The correct connection time depends on ticket type, airline, baggage, terminal, immigration status, arrival punctuality and whether you must move landside.

Practical Minimum Connection Planning Guide

Connection Type	Safer Planning Buffer
International to international, same ticket, through-checked baggage	1.5–2.5 hours
International to domestic, same ticket, through-checked baggage	2–3 hours
International to domestic, separate tickets or baggage recheck	3–4+ hours
Domestic to international, same ticket	2.5–3.5 hours
Domestic to international, separate tickets	4+ hours
Terminal 2 to Terminal 1, separate tickets	4+ hours
JKIA to Wilson Airport connection	Often 4–5+ hours, depending on traffic and baggage
Overnight layover	Consider an airport hotel or nearby hotel transfer

These are practical traveller buffers, not official guaranteed minimum connection times. Your airline may publish a different minimum connection time for protected itineraries. If your flights are on one ticket, the airline is usually responsible for confirming that the connection is valid under its rules.

Why Self-Transfers Need More Time

Self-transfers are risky because you may need to:

Clear immigration
Collect baggage
Clear customs
Move terminals
Re-check baggage
Pass security again
Clear passport control again for international departure
Meet a new airline’s check-in deadline
Handle delays yourself

Self-Transfer at JKIA

A self-transfer means you booked separate tickets and must manage the connection yourself. For example, you may arrive on one airline from Europe and separately book a domestic Jambojet flight to Diani/Ukunda.

Self-Transfer Checklist

Before booking a self-transfer, ask:

Do I need a Kenya eTA to enter landside?
Will I have to clear immigration?
Do I need to collect checked baggage?
How long does baggage reclaim usually take?
Which terminal does my next flight use?
When does check-in close?
What happens if my first flight is delayed?
Are there later flights if I miss the connection?
Can I afford an overnight hotel if needed?

Best Self-Transfer Advice

Self-transfers should be booked with a wide time buffer. Do not plan a tight connection at JKIA if you have checked baggage, different airlines, Terminal 2 involvement or a domestic flight with a strict check-in deadline.

For domestic onward options, see JKIA Domestic Flights.

Through-Checked Baggage at JKIA

Through-checked baggage means your checked bag is tagged to your final destination, not just to Nairobi.

For example:

London → Nairobi → Mombasa
Amsterdam → Nairobi → Kisumu
Dubai → Nairobi → Eldoret

If your bag is through-checked, you may not need to collect it in Nairobi. This can make the connection much easier. However, baggage rules depend on airline agreements, route, customs requirements and ticket structure.

How to Confirm Through-Checked Baggage

At your first airport, ask the check-in agent:

“Is my bag checked through to my final destination?”
“What is the final airport code on my baggage tag?”
“Do I need to collect my bag in Nairobi?”
“Do I need to clear customs in Nairobi?”
“Do I already have my onward boarding pass?”

Baggage Tag Tip

Check the baggage tag yourself before leaving the counter. If your final destination is Mombasa, the tag should show the final airport code for Mombasa, not just NBO.

Rechecking Baggage After International Arrival

You must usually recheck baggage after international arrival when:

Your bags are tagged only to Nairobi
You booked separate tickets
Your onward domestic airline has no baggage agreement with your international airline
You are changing to a low-cost carrier
You are switching to a different terminal
Airline staff tell you to collect and recheck
Customs rules require collection

Recheck Flow

Collect your bag at international baggage reclaim
Clear customs
Exit arrivals
Move to Terminal 1D or assigned domestic terminal
Go to the onward airline counter
Check in or drop baggage
Pass domestic security
Proceed to the boarding gate

Recheck Warning

Baggage recheck is the main reason international-to-domestic connections fail. If your bag arrives late, you may miss the domestic check-in deadline even if you personally reached the terminal in time.

Transit Passengers at JKIA

A transit passenger is a traveller passing through Nairobi on the way to another destination. Transit passengers may remain airside or may need to enter Kenya depending on their itinerary.

Airside Transit Passenger

You may remain airside if:

Your onward flight is on the same ticket or protected connection
You already have your onward boarding pass
Your baggage is through-checked
You do not need to leave the secure transit area
Airline or airport staff direct you to transfer without entering Kenya

Landside Transit Passenger

You may need to go landside if:

You booked separate tickets
You must collect baggage
You must recheck baggage
You need to change from Terminal 1 to Terminal 2 in a way that requires exit
Your layover is long and you want to leave the airport
You need to stay overnight at a hotel outside the terminal
Airline staff require you to clear immigration

Kenya eTA and Transit

Kenya’s official eTA general information page says all passengers in transit through Kenya are exempt from eTA if they arrive and leave by the same aircraft or transfer to another aircraft and do not leave the precincts of airports in Kenya. The same official site also lists a Transit eTA category for travellers on a transit flight through Kenya.

The practical interpretation for travellers is:

If you remain airside and do not enter Kenya, you may fall under the transit exemption.
If you pass immigration, collect bags landside, leave the airport, stay in a hotel outside the terminal, or self-transfer in a way that requires entering Kenya, you should check whether you need an eTA or Transit eTA.
Rules can change, so confirm before travel using official Kenya eTA information and your airline.

Kenya’s Directorate of Immigration says all visitors, including infants and children intending to travel to Kenya, must have an approved eTA before the start of their journey, unless exempt.

Airside vs Landside Transfers at JKIA

Understanding airside and landside is essential.

Airside Transfer

An airside transfer happens inside the secure airport area after security and, for international routing, before entry into Kenya.

Airside transfers are usually possible when:

Your itinerary is on one ticket
Your baggage is through-checked
You already have onward boarding documents
You do not need to collect baggage
Airport/airline staff keep you within the transit flow

Landside Transfer

A landside transfer happens outside the secure area. It usually requires some or all of these:

Immigration clearance
Baggage collection
Customs clearance
Walking or transport to another terminal
Check-in again
Security screening again
Passport control again for international departure

Which Is Better?

Airside is usually faster and safer for tight connections. Landside is more flexible but takes more time and can require immigration permission, eTA compliance and baggage handling.

Walking Route vs Shuttle vs Taxi Between JKIA Terminals

How you move between terminals depends on whether you are airside or landside, whether you have baggage and whether Terminal 2 is involved.

Walking Between Terminal 1 Sections

Walking may be practical between some Terminal 1 sections, especially if you are landside and moving between nearby terminal entrances. Terminal 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D and 1E are within the same main terminal complex, but the exact route depends on security status, signage and operational restrictions.

Airside Shuttle or Airport Transfer

Some airside transfers may be handled by airport or airline arrangements. This is most relevant for passengers who remain inside the secure area and are connecting without entering Kenya.

Taxi or Ride-Hailing Between Terminals

A taxi or ride-hailing vehicle is usually not needed for short Terminal 1-to-Terminal 1 movements, but it may become relevant if:

You are landside with heavy luggage
You are moving to or from Terminal 2
You have mobility needs
Airport construction affects walking routes
You are transferring to Wilson Airport, SGR station or a hotel
You are with children or elderly passengers

For transport options, see JKIA Airport Transfers.

Nairobi Layover Terminal Guide

A Nairobi layover can be short, long, airside, landside, overnight or tour-friendly. The correct plan depends on your terminal, baggage and immigration status.

Short Layover: Under 3 Hours

Stay airside if possible. Do not plan to leave the airport. Go directly toward your onward gate or transfer desk.

Medium Layover: 3–6 Hours

If you remain airside, use lounges, cafés, duty-free shopping or quiet waiting areas. If you need to enter Kenya, confirm eTA requirements and allow time for immigration and re-entry.

Long Layover: 6–10 Hours

A long layover may allow a hotel rest, meal outside the airport or short Nairobi activity, but only if immigration/eTA requirements are met and the road schedule is realistic.

Overnight Layover

For overnight layovers, consider:

Airport hotel
Nearby JKIA hotel
Private transfer
Visa/eTA requirements
Baggage storage or through-checking
Next-day check-in opening time

Layover Tour Warning

Do not leave the airport on a short layover. Nairobi traffic, immigration queues and re-entry security can make tight layover tours risky.

For more planning, see JKIA Layover Guide.

Same-Airline vs Separate-Ticket Connections

The most important difference in JKIA connections is whether your flights are connected by the airline or self-arranged by you.

Same-Airline or Same-Ticket Connection

This is usually safer because:

The airline validates the connection
Baggage may be through-checked
You may receive both boarding passes
The airline may assist during delays
Minimum connection time is usually built into the ticket
Missed connections may be rebooked if the airline caused the delay

Separate-Ticket Connection

This is riskier because:

The first airline may not protect the second flight
You may need to collect and recheck baggage
You may need to clear immigration
You may need a Kenya eTA or transit permission
The second airline may close check-in before you arrive
You may need to buy a new ticket if you miss the flight

Best Booking Advice

For international-to-domestic or domestic-to-international transfers, same-ticket connections are usually better. If separate tickets are cheaper, build in a wide buffer or consider an overnight stay.

Missed Connection Advice at JKIA

If you miss a connection at JKIA, the correct action depends on whether your flights are on the same ticket or separate tickets.

If Your Flights Are on One Ticket

Go to your airline’s transfer desk or service counter. Ask for:

Rebooking options
Meal or hotel support, if applicable
Baggage handling confirmation
Updated boarding pass
New connection routing
Written confirmation if required for insurance

If Your Flights Are on Separate Tickets

Go to the onward airline immediately, but understand that it may treat you as a no-show. You may need to:

Buy a new ticket
Pay a change fee
Rebook baggage
Arrange hotel accommodation
Contact travel insurance
Contact your original airline for delay documentation

Missed Baggage Connection

If you arrive but your baggage does not, report it before leaving the baggage area. Keep your baggage tag, boarding pass and claim reference.

Practical Emergency Tips

Stay calm and go to the airline counter first
Keep screenshots of delays
Keep baggage receipts
Contact your onward hotel or transfer driver
Use official airline and airport staff
Do not leave the airport before confirming your rebooking if the airline is responsible

JKIA to Wilson Airport Connections

Some travellers think a domestic connection means Terminal 1D, but many safari flights depart from Wilson Airport, which is a separate Nairobi airport.

You may need a JKIA-to-Wilson transfer if you are connecting to:

Maasai Mara
Amboseli
Samburu
Lewa
Nanyuki
Loisaba
Tsavo
Safari lodges
Conservancy airstrips
Charter flights

Important Warning

Do not book a tight JKIA-to-Wilson connection. You must clear immigration if arriving internationally, collect baggage if required, clear customs, meet your driver, travel by road through Nairobi traffic, check in at Wilson and meet safari-airline baggage rules.

For full instructions, see JKIA to Wilson Airport Transfer.

Best Connection Advice by Traveller Type

International Visitor Connecting to the Coast

If flying onward to Mombasa, Malindi, Diani/Ukunda or Lamu, check whether your domestic flight departs from Terminal 1D or Terminal 2. If booked separately, allow enough time to clear immigration and recheck baggage.

Business Traveller Connecting Domestically

Use online check-in where possible, travel with cabin baggage if you can, and avoid tight separate-ticket connections.

Safari Traveller

Confirm whether your onward flight departs from JKIA or Wilson Airport. Many safari flights do not depart from JKIA Terminal 1D.

Family Traveller

Build a wider buffer. Children, strollers, bathroom stops and baggage collection make transfers slower.

Premium Passenger

Lounge access is useful, but it does not replace minimum transfer time. Clear formalities first, then use lounges.

Transit Passenger Not Entering Kenya

Stay inside the transit flow if your airline allows it. Do not go landside unless you understand eTA and baggage implications.

Step-by-Step JKIA Connection Checklist

Before Booking

Check whether flights are on one ticket or separate tickets
Confirm terminal for each flight
Confirm baggage through-check rules
Confirm eTA/transit requirements
Build enough connection time
Avoid last domestic flight of the day if arriving internationally late
Consider overnight stay for risky self-transfers

Before Landing at JKIA

Check your onward boarding pass
Ask cabin crew or airline app for terminal information
Keep passport and onward documents ready
Confirm baggage tag destination
Message your driver if you are being picked up

After Landing

Follow official signs
Ask airline staff before leaving airside
Clear immigration only if required
Collect baggage only if required
Move to the correct terminal
Recheck baggage if needed
Pass security early
Watch airport screens for gate changes

Before Boarding Your Onward Flight

Keep passport or ID ready
Confirm gate and boarding time
Stay close enough to hear announcements
Recheck whether baggage is correctly handled
Do not wait until final call

Frequently Asked Questions About JKIA Transfers and Connections

Can I connect from an international flight to a domestic flight at JKIA?

Yes. You will usually arrive through international arrivals, clear immigration, collect baggage if required, clear customs, move to Terminal 1D or the assigned domestic terminal, check in if required, pass domestic security and board your domestic flight.

How do I transfer from Terminal 1E to Terminal 1D?

After international arrival processing at Terminal 1E, clear immigration, collect baggage if needed, clear customs, exit arrivals and follow signs or official directions to Terminal 1D domestic departures.

How do I transfer from Terminal 1A to Terminal 1D?

Ask airline staff whether you need to remain airside or go landside. If landside, follow signs to Terminal 1D domestic departures and complete domestic check-in/security as required.

How do I transfer from Terminal 2 to Terminal 1?

Terminal 2 is separate from Terminal 1. Follow airport signage or ask official staff for the correct route. Allow extra time, especially if you have checked baggage or separate tickets.

What is the minimum connection time at JKIA?

There is no single safe minimum for all travellers. Same-ticket international-to-international connections may work with a shorter buffer, while international-to-domestic self-transfers with baggage often need 3–4+ hours. Terminal 2 or Wilson Airport transfers need more time.

Do I need to collect baggage in Nairobi when connecting?

You need to collect baggage if your bag is tagged only to Nairobi, if you are on separate tickets, or if airline/customs rules require it. Ask at your first check-in airport and check the final destination on your baggage tag.

What is through-checked baggage?

Through-checked baggage means your checked bag is tagged to your final destination beyond Nairobi. It can save time because you may not need to collect and recheck the bag at JKIA.

What is a self-transfer at JKIA?

A self-transfer means you booked separate tickets and must handle immigration, baggage, terminal movement, recheck and missed-connection risk yourself.

Do transit passengers need a Kenya eTA?

Kenya’s official eTA guidance lists transit passengers who do not leave airport precincts among exemptions, but travellers entering Kenya, leaving the airport, collecting/rechecking bags landside, or staying overnight outside the terminal should confirm whether they need an eTA or Transit eTA before travel.

Can I leave JKIA during a layover?

You can leave only if you meet Kenya entry requirements, have enough time and are comfortable with Nairobi traffic and re-entry procedures. Short layovers should remain airside.

What should I do if I miss my connection?

If your flights are on one ticket, go to the airline transfer desk or service counter. If they are separate tickets, contact the onward airline immediately and prepare for possible rebooking costs.

Can I walk between JKIA terminals?

Some Terminal 1 sections are close enough for walking, depending on routing and security status. Terminal 2 is separate and may require more time. Always follow official signs and staff directions.

Final Summary

JKIA connections are easiest when flights are on one ticket, baggage is through-checked and the passenger stays within the protected airline transfer flow. Connections become more complex when you arrive internationally and depart domestically, move between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2, collect and recheck baggage, self-transfer on separate tickets, or connect onward to Wilson Airport.

For most travellers, the safest approach is to confirm the terminal, confirm baggage handling, understand whether the transfer is airside or landside, and build a generous time buffer. If your connection involves international arrival, domestic recheck, Terminal 2, separate tickets or a Nairobi layover, plan conservatively rather than tightly.